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News - British Army Unveils 20-40-40 Warfare Doctrine With a Focus on Loitering Munitions

Image Credit: British Army.


May 2025 | Jack Overell, Head of Production – Defence, SAE Media Group


On May 26, 2025, the British Army announced a significant overhaul of its ground warfare strategy, introducing the innovative 20-40-40 doctrine, as reported by The Times. This new approach, inspired by lessons from the Ukrainian battlefield, marks a departure from the traditional reliance on heavy armor, shifting towards a more flexible, loitering munitions and UAV-focused force structure.

The 20-40-40 doctrine signifies a major shift from the British Army’s historical dependence on massed armored formations and mechanized infantry, which were the hallmarks of its Cold War and post-Cold War strategies. Previously, conventional assets like tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and artillery formed the backbone of UK land forces, designed for attrition warfare and prolonged engagements. However, the conflict in Ukraine and the rise of autonomous platforms have exposed the vulnerabilities, slow adaptability, and logistical challenges of such structures.

In contrast, the new 20-40-40 model advocates for a more agile and survivable force composition: 20% traditional heavy platforms such as the Challenger 3 tank and self-propelled artillery systems; 40% single-use loitering munitions and kamikaze drones for rapid, targeted strikes; and 40% reusable, high-end drones for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and precision strikes. This results in an 80% unmanned, autonomous-capable structure that aims to emphasize survivability, rapid deployment, and digital dominance.

By repositioning heavy equipment away from the frontlines and increasing reliance on unmanned systems, the British Army acknowledges the importance of the use of drones in Ukraine. Both Ukrainian and Russian forces have demonstrated that the first 10–30 km of the frontline are heavily surveilled and contested by drones, often rendering traditional armor exposed and ineffective. With reusable systems like the MQ-9 Reaper and expendable one-way attack drones, the UK aims to conduct deep and persistent strikes while minimizing risks to personnel.

This shift is bold compared to the doctrines of other NATO allies. While some countries are experimenting with drones and loitering munitions, few have institutionalized an 80% unmanned combat ratio. The United States is exploring similar pathways through its Replicator initiative and next-generation command and control (C2) programs, but it still emphasizes legacy systems in the near term. France and Germany, on the other hand, continue to prioritize conventional platforms like the MGCS tank and heavy mechanized brigades.

This also necessitates a shift in training, simulation, logistics, and doctrine development. New formations may emerge that integrate drone operators, AI systems analysts, and electronic warfare units at the company or even platoon level. Command structures will need to evolve to process data from hundreds of unmanned platforms, potentially requiring an overhaul of battlefield communication and decision-making systems.

 

Editor’s Corner



WHAT IS CPD?

CPD stands for Continuing Professional Development’. It is essentially a philosophy, which maintains that in order to be effective, learning should be organised and structured. The most common definition is:

‘A commitment to structured skills and knowledge enhancement for Personal or Professional competence’

CPD is a common requirement of individual membership with professional bodies and Institutes. Increasingly, employers also expect their staff to undertake regular CPD activities.

Undertaken over a period of time, CPD ensures that educational qualifications do not become obsolete, and allows for best practice and professional standards to be upheld.

CPD can be undertaken through a variety of learning activities including instructor led training courses, seminars and conferences, e:learning modules or structured reading.

CPD AND PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES

There are approximately 470 institutes in the UK across all industry sectors, with a collective membership of circa 4 million professionals, and they all expect their members to undertake CPD.

For some institutes undertaking CPD is mandatory e.g. accountancy and law, and linked to a licence to practice, for others it’s obligatory. By ensuring that their members undertake CPD, the professional bodies seek to ensure that professional standards, legislative awareness and ethical practices are maintained.

CPD Schemes often run over the period of a year and the institutes generally provide online tools for their members to record and reflect on their CPD activities.

TYPICAL CPD SCHEMES AND RECORDING OF CPD (CPD points and hours)

Professional bodies and Institutes CPD schemes are either structured as ‘Input’ or ‘Output’ based.

‘Input’ based schemes list a precise number of CPD hours that individuals must achieve within a given time period. These schemes can also use different ‘currencies’ such as points, merits, units or credits, where an individual must accumulate the number required. These currencies are usually based on time i.e. 1 CPD point = 1 hour of learning.

‘Output’ based schemes are learner centred. They require individuals to set learning goals that align to professional competencies, or personal development objectives. These schemes also list different ways to achieve the learning goals e.g. training courses, seminars or e:learning, which enables an individual to complete their CPD through their preferred mode of learning.

The majority of Input and Output based schemes actively encourage individuals to seek appropriate CPD activities independently.

As a formal provider of CPD certified activities, SAE Media Group can provide an indication of the learning benefit gained and the typical completion. However, it is ultimately the responsibility of the delegate to evaluate their learning, and record it correctly in line with their professional body’s or employers requirements.

GLOBAL CPD

Increasingly, international and emerging markets are ‘professionalising’ their workforces and looking to the UK to benchmark educational standards. The undertaking of CPD is now increasingly expected of any individual employed within today’s global marketplace.

CPD Certificates

We can provide a certificate for all our accredited events. To request a CPD certificate for a conference , workshop, master classes you have attended please email events@saemediagroup.com

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